Judo is a traditional Japanese martial art derived from various martial arts practiced in Japan for hundreds of years, mainly from jujitsu. The name itself consists of two Japanese characters: "ju" (soft) and "do" (path). The foundations of modern judo were laid by Dr. Jigoro Kano in 1882.
Men's judo as an Olympic sport was introduced in Tokyo in 1964. It was the first and for a long time the only martial arts discipline at the Olympic Games. Women's judo became an Olympic sport in Barcelona in 1992.
The International Judo Federation has 200 members, 134 of which represented athletes in judo competitions at the London 2012 Olympics. This places judo in the top five competitions for the number of competing National Olympic Committees in London 2012.
The competition site is divided into two zones: the competition zone (8x8m), in which the judokas compete, and the safety zone (3m wide). These two zones are colored differently.
The competition is served by one referee and two referees.
The opponents are dressed in blue or white judogi.
Judo includes 7 weight categories. The categories for men are -60kg, -66kg, -73kg, -81kg, -90kg, -100kg and + 100kg. The categories for women are -48kg, -52kg, -57kg, -63kg, -70kg, -78kg and + 78kg.
A judo fight lasts five minutes. In case of a tie, an additional round of three minutes is added, in which the first score - "golden point" - decides the outcome of the fight. If none of the opponents scored points, the panel of judges determines the winner based on their own opinion (the so-called "hantei" - the opinion of the judges).
Opponents earn points for actions such as throwing and holding: yuko (lowest score), waza-ari (half victory), and ippon (clear victory). There are three ways to earn ippon, and each method ends the fight, ippon is awarded for a powerful throw, or for keeping an opponent on his back for 25 seconds, or if the opponent surrenders (knocks), usually during a painful or choke hold. Two waza-ari make up an ippon (waza-ari - avaset - ippon), but several yuko cannot make up a higher value point.
The penalty, known as a shido, can be ordered by the refereeing representatives. In most cases, shido is awarded for being passive or avoiding a fight. The first shido does not provide any advantage. Two shido add yuko to the opponent. The three shido make up the waza-ari. Four shido will lead to disqualification (hansoku-make).
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